Introduction To Sports Among Women Spectators In India Media Essay

Introduction To Sports Among Women Spectators In India Media Essay Watching sport represents a predominant form of leisure behavior in todays society. Large numbers of people attend sporting events and think of themselves as sport fans. Traditionally, participation in sports as a spectator has been a male dominated activity. Women differ from men on various parameters such as physicality, psychographics, behavioral parameters, consumer behavior and consumption experiences. The differences between men and women on these parameters make it difficult for marketers to target them together as a unified segment. But, irrespective of the differences between men and women on various parameters, sports goods manufacturers and sports events marketers have pursued traditional male-oriented marketing policies. But in recent times due to a radical change in social and financial status of women, there has been an increased participation in and consumption of sports by women. This has caused marketers to add a female- oriented focus to their strategies. The recent introduction of female commentators in cricket to strategies to attract women in the latest IPL edition with attractive offers shows a definite change in the marketing strategies of media and marketing professionals. Also more and more women are turning to sports for recreational purpose. With the sports industry turning more to women consumers, it has become necessary for marketers to research womens consumption behavior and consumption experiences to come up with gender specific strategies. Hence, this study would be to understand how the Indian woman consumes sports and the level of involvement or motivation achieved set in the context of the Indian society. Literature Review Sports as a genre is present in everybodys life, be it in terms of participation or watching. Sports has the power to inspire, build communities, to make people cry, laugh. In the hands of an ingenious marketer sports has an almost enigmatic pull towards the target consumer. Traditionally, sports participation and consumption was viewed to be masculine or a part of male dominion. However, with increasing number of women who have found economic and social independence the domain of sports is no longer completely a male bastion. Increasingly women are breaking the stereotypes of passivity and are actively consuming and participating in sports. Major strides have been made over the past few years in providing participation opportunities for girls and women in sports. Media visibility has increased for a number of women players both internationally and nationally like Venus Williams, Anna Kounikova or Sania Mirza. The consumption of sports and leisure by men and women is dependent on a lot of factors such as prevalent societal norms, beliefs and attitudes. In the context of sports and leisure, what is associated with men and masculinity is valued over what is associated with women and femininity. Hence, it is important to explore the underlying societal norms to understand the consumption patterns. A post modernistic approach In a postmodern society, the prevalent ideology is that what is considered masculine or feminine will break down as the boundaries between masculinity and femininity continue to blur and the different forms of gender multiply. Activities that conventionally convey clear meanings, such as combat conveying masculinity and gracefulness conveying femininity, will no longer be obvious. A postmodern vision of these categories blurring into one should be liberating because it lessens the likelihood of gender being used as a way to categorize. In the context of sports and leisure, this suggests that gender is less likely to influence participation or consumption of sports previously marked as masculine or feminine. Analysing literature would help us to understand historical trends of sports and leisure participation by gender in various scenarios. Home Vs Workplace Women have been historically been associated with activities conducted at home such as gardening, sewing and cooking, due to recent advancements in technology the efforts required for the chores have reduced immensely but the modern society still views it as a womans job. Unskilled tasks such as cleaning, eating, cooking, sleeping, leisure and child rearing were performed at home, Men were connected with activities in the workplace and less connected with the ones at home. Home for men essentially was a place to recoup from a hard days work. A similar separation exists in sports and leisure today. ( McGinnis, Chun, and McQuillan, 2003) According to Hendersons review (1990), leisure for women tends to consist of activities which is near or at home because it can be infused with household chores and because few opportunities for leisure exist outside the home. According to another research by Kane, It was argued that women tend to define themselves in terms of human relationships, hence, they consume within the context of home and family. The complexity increases for a career woman as then the leisure is dependent on family environments, especially children. Women use home as a primary place and means for leisure. And in case a leisure opportunity comes along which is out of home, then it is sort of offered in such a way as to not hamper household responsibilities. In this case, leisure itself can be seen as constraining, as it reinforces gender appropriateness (Shaw 1994). While it appears that leisure opportunities certainly exist for women outside the home, the literature suggests that leisure for women is still largely perceived as a secondary concern. Opportunities for leisure exist, but only when other duties and other concerns have been addressed first. Expectations of a women and her role in society appear to transcend the opportunities outside the home. Men face the same constraint, but can define what is expected of them more so than women. Spectatorship and Leisure time It is a common point of contention that men and women both enjoy watching sports on television, but their preferences differ, as men tend to prefer more competitive and aggressive sports as compared to women. We find evidences of media reinforcement of the gendered consumption patterns, for example NBC positioned the Olympics with storylines resembling soap operas. Men have generally dominated the consumption of organised sports. But the Spectator Gender Gap is reducing with more women watching conventionally male sports such as Golf, football. However, research suggests that attempts by women to increase their sports consumption in a way threatens the male dominion as sports is viewed as a masculine domain where men are allowed to bond with one another. Women entering this domain are seen as upsetting this setting (McGinnis, Chun, and McQuillan, 2003). Leisure is another area where the gender gap exists, women in general experience a lesser amount of free time as compared to men as their part of their free time is generally spent doing housework or taking care of children. Men can experience larger blocks of free time without worrying about other commitments. Role of the Indian Media Women are traditionally not encouraged to indulge in sports. Sports are men oriented, where men play and women watch. It is clearly visible in the Indian media too, be it films or advertisements. For instance, in an advertisement of Clinic Plus shampoo, a coach of a boys cricket team in school discourages a girl to play with the team by fearing, when he says, Baal kharab ho jayege (your hair will get damaged if you will play cricket in sun). Another advertisement of Tata sky featuring Gul Panag and Aamir Khan, she has been portrayed as a woman for whom sports is a nuisance. During the cricket matches and sports world cups, time and again, many news channels have shown how women have to sacrifice watching their saas-bahu dramas and newspapers also write about falling TRPs of TV serial and how these matches are a jeremiad for women. Because in the family, their husbands, brothers and father are glued tothe sports channel and the power of attorney for the remote control is transferred t o men for those few days when the matches are held. In addition, Some of the commonly held beliefs associated with female fans and women sports are explored below- Women are not interested in sports fact or fiction In terms of viewership, over 2.2 crore women watched the 2003 World Cup in India alone. Female viewership comprised an astounding 46% of the total World Cup viewing population and TRPS for female viewership for India matches climbed to a phenomenal 9.8, significantly higher than the 3.9 registered during the Nat West Trophy final played at Lords in June 2002(ESPNSTAR, Interesting history of womens cricket in India).The Twenty20 World Cup had a strong, growing female audience for the sport and its not restricted to cricket alone. There is an overall 54 per cent increase in ratings for the three tennis grand slams-especially with regard to womens viewership where the growth has been significant. To reach out to this diverse market, most channels are developing a strong programming line-up that is a healthy mix of acquired and original content. (The financial express, Cashing in on sports). For the first time, a non-cricketing glamorous female host Mandira Bedi was brought in as a studio anchor. The experience was something which shocked cricket purists. But with a mix of elements for the purist as well as the novice and the fence sitters, Extraaa Innings combined academic cricket with mainstream entertainment like never before. This resulted in a whopping 50% increase in average rating of Indian matches and 37% increase in the rating of non-India matches, reached out to a record 78% of the Indian audiences in CS homes. More interestingly the female gross reach grew by an unprecedented 261%. Mandira Bedi became a celebrity and was soon a part of life even for women in conservative Indian households. Purists like Wisden, which condemned the experiment with women anchors during the ICC Champions Trophy in Colombo in September 2002, were forced to retreat. Women joined betting circles and housewives in Delhi and Ahmedabad formed clubs to enjoy the sport (ESPNSTAR, Interesting history of womens cricket in India). In terms of playing the sport, there has been significant increase in the number of professional sportswomen in variety of sports including Badminton, tennis, hockey, golf and athletics. The increase in the number of tournaments is a testament to that fact, recently an international basketball tournament the FIBA Asia Womens Championship was hosted by Chennai, Featuring the best players and top teams from across the continent, the tournament was a success. (Deccan Chronicle, India Wakes up to alternative sports) Female sports fans are different from male sports fans -fact or fiction? According to a research by Sargent, Zillmann, and Weaver, men and women enjoy distinctly different types of sports. Their findings revealed that males preferred watching combative sports on television whereas females were partial to stylistic sports. Sport socialization research examines the impact that environmental forces have on children and individuals from two different perspectives: socialization into sport and socialization through sport. This line of inquiry indicates that people are attracted to sport due to formal channels (i.e., parents, peers, coaches, mass media, teachers) and informal channels (i.e., school, church, and community-based programs), as researched by Kenyon McPherson . Media plays a primary role for introducing new teams and sport leagues to adults. According to a study by Bruce, Institutional, social, and familial contexts also shape viewers interpretations of sports broadcasts. He also found that women did not display strong loyalties to specific womens sports teams that are common with men and their favorite mens teams. This was attributed to the extensive sports information and media attention given to mens sports. In a study on cognitive development and socialization by James, in the initial development of team loyalty, it was found that children form preferences for sports teams early in life. Results of this study revealed and that the gender stereotype associating sports with males was prevalent among children and that fathers were the most influential socializing agent in introducing children to sports teams. In a study on experiences and effects of viewing televised sports, Gantz and Wenner found differences based on gender for 9 of the 15 motivation items examined; however, these differences were not dramatic. Most notable among their findings, women were more likely to watch televised sports for companionship and sharing the experience with family and friends whereas men watched to unwind and become wrapped up in the excitement and drama of the game. Men invested more time in reading, listening, watching, and talking about sports and they were more likely to experience emotional fluctuations from watching sports. Men also tend to display a fan behavior and identify more strongly as a fan according to Dietz-Uhler. However, an equal number of male and female college students considered themselves to be sport fans. Females reported being fans because they attended and watched sporting events with family and friends while males were more likely to consider themselves fans because they played sports and wanted to acquire sports information. Measuring Spectator Motives Various methods to research on sport spectators have been developed which utilizes a number of scales to assess the psychological motives related to attendance, media usage and interest at live sporting events. 1) One of the first methods was developed by Wann. He designed a comprehensive scale to measure eight factors observed to influence behavior; eustress, self-esteem, escape, entertainment, economic (gambling), aesthetic, group affiliation, and family. 2) Second method developed by Trail and James was the Motivation Scale for Sport Consumption (MSSC) to examine ten aspects of spectator behavior: achievement, acquisition of knowledge, aesthetics, drama, escape, family, physical attraction, physical skills of players, and social interaction. 3) Thirdly, McDonald, Milne and Hong (2002) utilized a scale to measure spectator and sport participant motives related to: risk-taking, stress reduction, aggression, affiliation, social facilitation, self-esteem, competition, achievement, skill mastery, aesthetics, value development, and self-actualization. Research Methodology Conceptual Framework or Problem Definition Till now through an extensive analysis of literature we have seen that men and women both consume sports in their own way and one cannot generalize the consumption pattern of women. The motivations and the level of involvement for women depend on a lot of factors. Research Gap : There is no study done in the Indian context to understand the women sports consumers, their stages of involvement and motivations to participate. Hence, this study is a step towards achieving an understanding of the same. Research Objective: The objective of the research is to understand the Woman sports consumer in terms of her involvement level and motivation to consume a particular sport. The study of motivation for predicting consumer behavior is very difficult as to understand the interrelation between motives and specific behavior. Also, to develop a list of consumer motives comprehensive enough to capture the wide variety of motivating forces that stimulate and shape behavior is challenging. To do the above, a framework could be constructed in the form of a social continuum which broadens the sport consumer motivation notion by using involvement as a motivational construct to distinguish between various levels. Factors like womans role in the society would also be a part of this construct. Hence, a study of the immediate environment becomes imperative for studying the consumption pattern. The level of involvement of women consumer of sports should form the basis of the framework of social continuum where the stages vary from viewership to acceptance to fan base to taking part or actively playing to encouraging others to play or advocacy. As shown below, Identification of critical factors which defines each of the stages could be looked at and the motives of each stage should also be looked at. According to each stage a corresponding set of behavior would be associated. Understanding different spectator motivations and involvement levels can be of significant benefit to the sport marketer looking to boost team revenues and gate receipts. Of particular interest are both the marketing manager understanding the specific motivations that drive a spectator or fan to consume a sport and the subsequent development of marketing communications based on these motivations. These effective marketing communication plans can often help build groups of diehard fans, thus expanding the customer base for a team. Spectator and fan motivation can also be used as an effective psychographic segmentation method that can result in more effective marketing campaigns. Sub Research Objective: Involvement Involvement could be defined as a state of interest, stimulation or motivation towards an object, a product or even an activity. As put by a study done by Mitchell, Involvement represents an internal state variable that reflects the amount of arousal, interest, or drive evoked by a particular stimuli or situation that mediates consumer behavior. Application of the involvement construct to examine sport spectators and sport fans would provide a fuller understanding of motives and what stimuli and situations direct behavior (e.g., attendance, purchase of team merchandise, media consumption) and attitudinal formation (e.g., preferences, commitment, loyalty). Some parameters of study for involvement would be Importance of product as perceived by the consumer Pleasure or enjoyment provided by the product Risk of making the wrong purchase or participating in the non enjoyable activity Self expression it represents the identification of the person with the purchase or participation Centrality to lifestyle, encompasses socializing and interactions Motivation Theories and studies have been done by researchers on how to assess the motives for consuming sports. These motives can be generally classified into the broad categories of study as Entertainment Stress and stimulation seeking Social Interaction Achievement seeking Approach to Analysis According to the sample defined above, the research would be conducted two phases: Phase 1: This would be in the form of exploratory research which would be used to develop a conceptual model for examining involvement stages and their corresponding motives. The purpose of this is to identify any potential parameters related to spectator motives or involvement framework which were missed. In-depth interview of 5 respondents approximately would be taken in each market segment. Phase 2: This is the validation phase where the qualitative study would be validated by quantitative so that the result of the first phase could be extrapolated to a larger population if required. Sampling Universe: The sampling universe could be defined as young women who are primarily college goers or into the first 2-3 years of job, who follow at least one sport, belonging to SEC A or SEC B. Details of Phase I Sample Size: 15-20 (Qualitative study) The sample size setting is done with a non-statistical approach where the selection is done anticipating subgroup analysis. The anticipation is that 4 meaningful clusters (market segments) would emerge and each cluster will contain approximately 5 respondents in average. SEC A SEC B College Goers Urban Semi Urban Working Women Semi Urban Urban This is for the qualitative part of the research. Sampling Procedure: Convenience Sampling (Non- probability sampling) Care would be taken to ensure that heterogeneity of the entire population can be effectively covered in the sample. Details of Phase II The phase II methodology would depend on the data collected in the first phase. Scope The study would help marketers understand the woman spectator motivations and stages of involvement in consuming sports in India, in turn, help in predicting behavior This would help marketers tap into the growing woman spectator base. Expected Contribution There has been no study on understanding women spectators in the Indian context done till date. This research would help both the academia and industry to understand an upcoming segment. Understanding different spectator motivations and involvement levels is important for a sport marketer to tap the women consumer segment which is increasingly becoming independent economically and socially. Understanding the involvement and motivations that drive a woman spectator to consume a sport in India would help marketers target this segment with crisp and relevant marketing communications. The involvement stages and motivations can also be used as an effective psychographic segmentation method for forming effective campaigns.

Cooperating and Communicating Across Cultures Essay

Case Study: Cooperating and Communicating Across Cultures The article â€Å"Cooperation and communication between cultures†, points out the key components in this case study. In the scenario each one of the team members had their own preconceived notions of the â€Å"right† way they should interact with the team in order for the team to move forward. The viewpoints of the team members, in my opinion, were influenced in part by their own cultures in addition to their own corporate backgrounds. Jim upon entering the team considered himself well prepared. He had knowledge of German culture and language, due to the fact that his wife was German and he visited Germany often, however, he was amazed at the detail in which the planning session went. Jim soon lost patience and interest, and the respect of his fellow team members because he was â€Å"hardly paying attention† anymore to the process. The German team used a three-day planning session as a way to lay the foundation for the structure of the entire product launch. Jim never really understands the importance of the initial meetings in the process because he unes out most of what was being said. Because of this, Jim never really understands the way the team is working in that the first analyze the problem, all possible eventualities, and addressing issues, then dividing the work and moving forward, with the team leader checking and controlling the outcome. The German team leader demonstrates that the team had worked together for at several years and so each knew the procedures very well but Jim clearly did not. An important organizational issue Jim exhibited is not showing respect for the Germans’ methods nd failing to align himself with the culture more rather than removing himself from the process and complaining. Fundamentally, Jim wanted to outline the problem, jump in, adjust and confer during the process but the Germans had different ideas, and a different culture for doing things. Each side saw the others’ method of operating as wrong, rather than as a possible new and different way to address a product launch. In the scenario concerning Klaus, Klaus had the same issues arriving in America and learning that the project would be put together as a work in progress rather than carefully thought out prior to execution of a plan. This is a cultural difference both sides experienced that could have been addressed by an introduction to work methods before Jim/Klaus started with their new team, which could have avoided the sense of frustration all on the project felt. Outlining the process and the roles each person would play would help the visitor better learn the corporate/national culture.

Evaluate the Role of Individuals in Bringing About the Changing Influence of the Russian Communist Party, 1905-1945

In the period 1905 to 1945 there was three key individuals that caused significant change in the influence of the Russian Communist Party: Lenin, Stalin and the Tsar. The influence of the party came in two main forms, political and public, which all three leaders changed in different ways. The most important individual in bringing about the change in influence is Vladimir Lenin, who brought about a sudden sharp rise in the party’s popularity. Following the 1917 October Revolution, Lenin became the leader of the Communist Party and greatly increased the party’s political influence with his ‘one party state’. Lenin’s creation of the Politburo in 1919, which was a group of eight high profile party members who influenced any decision being made, demonstrates the party’s increased political influence by showing their domination of governmental bodies. Public support of the party is obvious in the increase of RCP membership, March 1919 to March 1920, from 250,000 to 612,000. This may have been due mainly to Lenin retaining his power through the 1918 civil war. In 1921, Lenin introduced his New Economic Policy, aimed at gaining peace with the peasant class, which resulted in the ending of armed resistance to the communists. This support increased the Russian Communist Party’s (RCP) public influence greatly, backed in rural areas as well as urban working class districts. Due to all these factors, Lenin is the most important individual in changing the influence of the Russian communist party between 1905 and 1945. However, Lenin’s contributions to the party would not of been possible if no for the actions Tsar Nicholas II. In 1905, the public support for the Tsarist regime was extremely low, in all classes and geographic locations, leading to a rapid expansion of the RSDLP (Russian Social Democratic Labor Party) and general strikes throughout; the Russian public began to search for other groups to replace the Tsarists. The Bolsheviks, aka the RSDLP, would later become the RCP and therefore this increase in membership, up to 150,000 in 1905, increased the general influence of the communist party. The decision of the Tsar to order his troops to fire upon peaceful protestors, at Bloody Sunday on 22nd January 1905, dramatically increased the popularity of the RCP and thus the public influence. Although not being the most important, Tsar Nicholas II was a key individual in bringing about the changing influence of the RCP, due to his actions acting as a springboard for Lenin. Following Lenin, Stalin played the biggest party in changing the party influence, both political and socially. During Stalin’s time in power, up to 1945, the influence of the party plummeted significantly, resulting in the RCP having no say in the country’s activities. Due to Stalin’s original ‘facade’ of communism, until reaching power, and his actions once dictator, the party lost the ideological influence of the public. The RCP was in fact fully in charge of the country, however the party was fully controlled by Stalin, thus undermining their influence; this is shown by the ‘Great Purge’ of 1937, where Stalin â€Å"cleaned out’ the party. Thus, during Stalin’s rule, contrary to the facade of power, both the political and social influence of the RCP plummeted to rock bottom. In conclusion, between 1905 and 1945, Lenin caused the greatest change in social influence, shown by bring the part to power with the support of the majority of the classes. Whereas Stalin brought about the biggest fluctuation of political influence for the RCP, from complete control down to no longer being charge of the country but being ‘servants’ for the dictator. However, none of this would have been possible without the role of Tsar Nicholas II, who ‘allowed’ the party to gain public support through his rash decisions. To conclude I believe the role of the individuals in bring about the changing influence of the Russian Communist Party, between 1905 and 1945, was extremely important, with Vladimir Lenin taking pole position.

Business Plan - 7059 Words

Haircare Accents Three-Year Business Plan 2004-2006 Table of Contents: Executive Summary________________________________________ Pg. 2 Purpose Statement_________________________________________ Pg. 3 Company Goals____________________________________________ Pg. 3 Business Description _______________________________________ Pg. 4 Business History___________________________________________ Pg. 5 Services__________________________________________________ Pg. 7 Fashion Products______________________________________ Pg. 7 Display Systems_______________________________________ Pg. 7 Educational Services____________________________________ Pg. 7 Industry Analysis___________________________________________ Pg. 9 Salon†¦show more content†¦Because we are in tune with the pulse of the fashion industry, we provide our accounts with the latest and most popular merchandise. We aim to be the regional leader by providing great products at the right prices. Our goal is moderate growth and annual profitability, by bring beautiful accessories to the Pacific Northwest.† Products and Services: Haircare Accents is the only wholesaler of fashion jewelry and accessories that service salons with a three-pronged system of providing the products, display systems and educational courses needed to be an effective retailer. We also provide that latest and most up to date fashion accessories at very affordable prices. Marketing and Sales Strategy: Haircare Accents differentiates itself from other wholesalers by focuses on wholesaling to beauty salons and catering to their specific needs. We offer multi-channel service by way of trade shows, a website, in-salon showings, a Seattle showroom, and phone ordering. (See Marketing Section) Competition: There are many wholesalers of fashion jewelry and accessories in United States, but there are only a handful that choose to target Hair Salons. 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Negative Effects Of Veganism - 1373 Words

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Society has used advertisements t o fool people into thinking meat and other animal products are a necessity to a healthy diet. A plant based diet is a healthier option in comparison to an omnivore diet; the diet 93 percent of Americans live by. Veganism is theRead MoreThe Ethical Argument For Veganism1685 Words   |  7 Pages This essay analyzes the ethical argument for veganism through the lens of philosophy using Utilitarianism defined by John Stuart Mill, and Deontological ethics according to Immanuel Kant. Through the use of these theories, I will justify the moral worth and legitimacy of the animal welfare debate that is often used to promote a cruelty-free and vegan lifestyle by analyzing questions of animal sentience, the worth of an animal’s happiness, and the right humanity supposedly has to the lives of otherRead MoreWhy Should You Go Vegetarian Or Vegan? Essay2200 Words   |  9 Pageschange, how does this process usually occur? It’s difficult to know how many will gradually remove food from their diet, and who will decide to become vegan overnight, and both require different labels according to personal belief systems. Although veganism and vegetarianism are both usually labelled under â€Å"vegetarianism†, they are vastly different in their approaches to end animal suff ering, improve health and other possible motivations involved (See Lund 2016); for example, vegetarians are labelledRead MoreEssay about Negative Stereotypes of Vegetarianism2617 Words   |  11 Pagesagainst the ethical, environmental, and economic effects the commercial meat industry had on our nation. Even with the founding of this organization many do not understand vegetarianism or veganism in Europe or the United States and thus discuss it negatively, but this is an event that should cease to happen. The negative discussion of vegetarianism has negative effects that should be avoided and will be discussed. To understand negative effects one has to understand the beginnings. Ethical vegetarianismRead MoreObesity : An Unhealthy Diet1326 Words   |  6 Pagesdairy products that are contributors to poor health. The Nursing Catalog states, â€Å"Eliminating any food that comes from an animal will eliminate all dietary cholesterol from your diet.† The healthiest diet would be a vegan one. It serves more positive effects to the human body, and restores all natural balances. People tend to argue the issue that humans are omnivores and need to eat meat, but Cardiologist William C. Roberts states without hesitation, â€Å"Humans aren’t physiologically designed to eat meatRead More Veganism and a Sustainable Lifestyle Essay1929 Words   |  8 Pagesstatement, humanity will not be able to â€Å"find peace† until it adopts a more sustainable lifestyle, and it has been proven time and time again, that veganism is that lifestyle. Becoming vegan is a powerful experience, and one feels rejuvenated, both morally and physically, after acclimating to the diet, and, although the opposition claims that veganism is either detrimental or useless, the diet is, in fact, beneficial to the environment, to animals, and the individuals who follow the lifestyle. Meat

The Ethics Of The Enron Scandal - 861 Words

More than a decade ago, one of the most commanding corporations in modern American history filed for bankruptcy. Enron, a seemingly invulnerable company would eventually provoke sweeping changes in regulation that controls the management and accounting of public companies even to this day. The Enron scandal has come to be known as one of the prime audit failures of all time and serves as a classic example of corporate greed and corruption. However, for the generation that watched in horror as corporations such as Enron fell along with the stock market, this scandal is slowly becoming just that: history. And for the newer generation of college students like me, it is almost ancient history. Despite the time that separates us from this scandal, it has never been more important to remember the lessons learned and best understand how the adoption of The Clarkson Principles can guide our careers in the business sector. The story of Enron is truly remarkable. As a company it merely controlled the electricity, natural gas and communications sectors of the world. It reported (key word, reported) revenues over one hundred billion US dollars and was presented America’s Most Innovative Company by Fortune magazine for six sequential years. But, with power comes greed and Enron from its inception employed people who set their eyes upon money, prestige, power or a combination of the three. The gluttony took over sectors which the company could not operate proficiently nor successfully.Show MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of The Enron Scandal1441 Words   |  6 Pages The definition of ethics is living one s life according to right or wrong behavior both towards others and themselves (Ghillyer, 2014). How a person derived to their beliefs of right or wrong is a direct reflection of several factors such as; family upbringing, and religious dynamics. Each of these characteristics plays a major role in the direct choices a person will make in their day to day lives. While some people can stand by their personal beliefs regardless of the situation, there areRead MoreThe Ethics Of Enron Scandal1017 Words   |  5 PagesThe Dilemma Often an ethical dilemma does not appear abruptly but can rather be the proverbial slow boiling of a frog as they say. Enron was an economic powerhouse in the early to late 90’s. Its financial success was due to a great understanding of the opportunities available in the energy market due to deregulation across the country. The company was founded on sound financial principles which turned to illegal recklessness over time. Key personnel succumbed to unethical pressures which built upRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Enron Scandal1902 Words   |  8 Pages Ethical Scrapbook In the three excerpts that will be discussed in this report there is a theme. That theme is ethics or the lack there of. What all three of these cases have in common is that people were willing to trade in their reputations, their livelihood and in some cases their personal freedom to get what they wanted. In two of the examples, the prize they sought was money, pure and simply a case of greed. Importantly, these people already had significant wealth, and they were willing toRead MoreBusiness Ethics : Enron Scandal1951 Words   |  8 PagesBusiness ethics have been the central concern of all corporations in operating business. Enron scandal was the highlighted case representing the dramatic violation of business ethics with the involvement of misusing power to conduct unethical missteps to gain self-interest, resulting in a collapse of the whole organization. This report is aimed at assessing Enron case to provide better understanding of its rise and fall through the background of the company’s formation and bankruptcy as well as applyingRead MoreEthics in Accounting1196 Words   |  5 PagesEthics in Accounting By Pace University – New York Accounting for Decision Making, MBA 640 Fall 2011 Required Research Paper Page 1 of 11 Table of Contents Number Content Page Number 1 Introduction 3 2 Ethics in Accounting 4 3 Enron Scandal 6 4 Satyam Scandal 8 5 Conclusion 10 6 References 11 Page 2 of 11 Introduction †¢ What is â€Å"Ethics†? Ethics, also known as moral philosophy, is a branch of philosophy that addresses questionsRead MoreEthics Standards And The Field Of Accounting950 Words   |  4 PagesProfessional ethics are an absolute necessity in the field of accounting. Businesses rely on accountants to accurately report their financial information and give sound advise and consultation in regards to their business. There are standards and rules set in place to ensure that ethics and information is reported accurately. Laws and repercussions are created place to deter unethical and illegal accounting practices, although it still occurs in the business world on many levels. The field ofRead MoreWhat I Learned from Studying the Rise and Fall of Enron693 Words   |  3 Pagesand no need for regulations. But this is not an ideal world and these problems happen every day. The business world is not exempt from this problem. Many businesses rely on ethics to help guide their company successfully. Our textbook Business Ethics: How to Design and Manage Ethical Organizations Denis Collins defines ethics as, â€Å"the set of principles a person uses to determine whether an action is good or bad† (5). All over the world there are businesses that take part in unethical behavior forRead MoreJaclyn Givens. Kathy Osburn. Management 101. 5/8/17. The1400 Words   |  6 PagesJaclyn Givens Kathy Osburn Management 101 5/8/17 The Enron Era â€Å"Just as character matters in people, it matters in organizations,† says Justin Schultz, a corporate psychologist in Denver. The Enron scandal had a big exposure in 2001 confirming the big secret to the increase in billions. In July 1985, Enron formed the merger of Houston Natural Gas and Omaha-based Inter North. The Enron corporation was an American energy company based in Houston Texas. The corporation’s catastrophe in 2001 signifiesRead MoreEnron Essay1433 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Causes and Effects of the Enron Accounting Scandals Name: Do Minh Tam Class: MEP 100 Lecture: Karen Bird Date: December 24, 2010 Introduction Background From the 1980s until now, there have been a lot of accounting scandals which were widely announced on by media. The result of this situation is many companies were bankruptcy protection requests, and closing. One of the most widely reported emulation of accounting scandals is Enron Company. Enron Corporation is one of the largestRead MoreEnron and Worldcom Case Study1225 Words   |  5 PagesEnron and WorldCom Case Study This report is based on the demise of Enron Corporation and WorldCom. Both the firms are demised due to the ethical lapses. These ethical lapses come into existence when managements of the firm, uses unethical practices to accomplish the goals of the firm. Maintaining financial and accounting standards in the business practices are necessary. The profession of accounting has become a mockery due to the accounting scandals that took place all over the world in the

Human Rights for Women and International †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theHuman Rights for Women and International. Answer: Introduction The fairer sex, as they call her, maybe due to the more delicate and smaller physical stature in comparison to men or is it because it is really very easy to be unfair to them. A woman is thrust into an environment of cruelty right from the moment of birth or sometimes even before that when the parents decide to terminate the life of a female fetus. A male child is ever privileged than a female child, be it regarding education, clothing, food or parental affection. Born into a hostile atmosphere of the male dominated world, a girl child is often married off even before the onset of puberty. This action of the parents have an inherent desire to shed off the burden of feeding the girl child while the post marriage life of a girl is distressed by the entire responsibility of household chores and procreation. As per United Nations report, as mentioned in Human Rights and Girl Child (1993), a woman is denied proper food, education and most of the times even the basic necessities and are c ompelled to live a life without respect and dignity in a cycle of disempowerment. A female is raised as a socially inferior and intellectually inadequate creature who is subjected to barbaric practice of female genital mutilation, unconsented marriage ( often to older men), marital rape, domestic violence, honor killings, dowry deaths and so on. The woman is expected to beget only a male child and the inability to do that brings further suffering and she is sometimes pressurized either to leave the house or accept husbands remarriage. In all the aspects, she is the one who has to suffer tremendous emotional and psychological trauma till death. Women live a hellish life, physically and emotionally enslaved to the men. Women are the pivotal victims of the worldwide flesh trade, forced human labor, human trafficking, construction, and agriculture. But this arena of business involves small children and impoverished men too. Poverty plays the protagonist in this regard. They are bulldozed to serve unpaid, even unfed, or for meager payment. The statistics reveals that nearly 20.9 million people are allured into such jobs by deception, wherein, 11.4 million (about 55%) are females in contrast to 9.5% of men. Nearly 2 billion people are living a socially unprotected life as per United Nations Trafficking in persons protocol, and among them women are subjected to the worst conditions. Empowering women with education, proper food, self respect as well as self defense techniques is the only way to fight this problem prevailing across the globe. The stereotyped attitude towards women is the root of most domestic and sexual violence ( from which 35% of women population suffered worldwide) against women which needs to be changed in order to eradicate discrimination and foster equality between men and women. Amendments are necessary in legislation, practices, regulations and customs to bring parity in society. Age old religious dogmas and preaching that teach to be unjust to women should be addressed and modified to create a happy and fair world. Torture and Degrading Treatment The process of inflicting severe discomfort or pain causing inhuman suffering on someone, physically or mentally, or imposing humiliating actions as a punitive measure or in order to compel the victim to carry out orders, is considered as torture. Torture often has long term impacts and may be considered even more serious than genocide. Let us take the example of the 9/11 attack on the US Trade Centre, where the attackers justified themselves by the idea that they were only retributing the age old tortures inflicted on their community. But in a modern and civilized society retribution should not be combated by other means of retribution. This maxim has not been followed in reality. Though Article 5 UDHR and several other complementary documents have advocated refraining from torturing any human being, the principles mentioned in the documents have actually not been followed by those nations that have applied exceptionalism as a means of justifying their ill-treatment toward enemy com batants. Article 1 of the UN Convention against Torture has clearly declared any severe form of torture as something that must be equated to inhumanity. But those who are to be considered as the protectors of humanity (especially the law enforcement officers) are pathetically the ones who are inflicting torture in its severest form. Torture and degrading treatment of the prisoners (and mainly those who had been imprisoned for having relation with any form of terrorist act) have surpassed the confinements of humanity, and hence, now, it has become quite difficult to distinguish between terrorists and law enforcers. This distinction should have always been upheld, but unfortunately it has not been so. Torture is the violation of a persons physical and mental integrity, but those who are supposed to sustain this integrity are now serving as agents of disintegration. The United States has always spoke of human rights, human dignity, and equity, but when it comes to the treatment of impr isoned terrorists, the state eventually forgets to implement its own philosophy. Such an approach should be considered detrimental not only to the reputation of the country as a global leader, but also to its international image as a land of hope and justice. It is high time that the countrys administration address the issue so that the lost prestige of the nation can be regained and so that the world can exemplify the country as a true embodiment of justice and equality. Substantive International Human Rights: the Right to Life Right to life, personal liberty and personal protection are the three most important fundamental rights that a human entity should enjoy in his life ( Art. 3 UDHR, Art.6 ICCPR, Art.4 ACHR, ACHPR, Art.2 CIS, Art.5 AL). These rights should not be violated even in times of public emergency and it is upon the state to protect the right to life under but in reality, like in the case of Akkoc versus Turkey, State, was found guilty as it failed to protect these fundamental rights. The state should leave no stone unturned while conducting an investigation in a candid and transparent method leading to proper health care provisions in order to add to the rate of life expectancy while reducing the rate of infant mortality by making honest effort to put an end to malnutrition and epidemics. The very next issue which needs to be addressed with much empathy and concern is what should be the fate of the unborn fetus, when a pregnant woman is found guilty. In the case of Paton Vs the state, the Euro pean Commission of Human Rights emphasized on the fact that life begins at conception and hence death penalty should be withdrawn or postponed in order to protect the right to life of the embryo (Art.6 ICCPR). There are certain state emergency situations like terrorist attack, riots, civil war, where the state is compelled to order a lawful arrest or prevent the escape of a lawfully detained convict [Art. 2 (2) ECHR] or impose shoot to kill policies, to inhibit greater loss of lives (McCann, Farrell, Savage Vs UK, Ogur Vs Turkey). Forced disappearance is a newly added incident which came forth in the Velasquez Rodriguez case 1990. According to the African charter, death of the non combatant during a civil war or tussles beyond borders violates the right to life. But it is the duty of the state to protect the wounded non combatant as well as the members of the armed forces. Providing aid and treatment to the person in distress or wounded is the humanitarian responsibility of the state. Genocide, a term that was introduced after the Jewish holocaust is considered as a heinous crime under international law, be it during war or peace. Protection and preservation of the fundamental rights of every humankind is the highest duty of a state ( Natan Lerner p 145, cited in Smith 2005, 213). Genocide is mass killing or the conspiracy to kill a large group of people or cause potential bodily harm to them. Any person or a group of persons planning the same is a criminal in the eyes of law and is subjected to punishment. The trial of Jean Paul Akayesu, stands as an evidence, which was first convicted under the international court. Corporal punishments should only be attributed to convicts who committed genocide, murder, extermination and willful killing. The state should handle every convict with humanitarian perspective and judge the degree of crime before imposing death penalty for the utmost protection of the fundamental right to life. Prisoners Rights Do enemy combatants have any right while being imprisoned? Though from the humanitarian perspective the answer to the question should be affirmative, in reality, what the United States criminal justice system is performing is a pointer to the fact that not always truth and humanity is upheld in the context of punishment. Prisoners are seldom provided with their rights in the tenure of their imprisonment, and for the imprisoned enemy combatants right is not only a dream that is never going to be fulfilled but it is also a word that should not be uttered in order to evade more severe tortures. Enemy combatants, till date, have not been provided with some basic rights that every prisoner, being member of the human species, should receive. The extreme degree of torture, the deteriorating conditions of the prisons, and the violent environment in which imprisoned enemy combatants have to spend their horrible life are pointers to the fact that sometimes death is better than a life of oppres sion and torture. International human rights are also applicable to prisoners, and in this respect one should take a note of the fact that, there are some positive obligations on the part of law-makers, and one such obligation is the requirement to enact legislation that ensures protection of prisoners right to life. But in the recent past, several incidents within the prison system have proved the fact that in the United States, right to life for imprisoned combatants is just a myth. It is also to be noted that though International Human Rights speak of the requirement of public officials not to engage in certain types of conduct; in the United States the almost direct interference of public officials in determining the fate of imprisoned enemy combatants should be considered everything but judicious. It can be pathetic to see that conditions of the concerned prisoners, but it would be more pathetic to imagine how in a country symbolizing freedom and liberty, the basic freedom and liberty of prisoner s are curbed on a daily basis. The hellish conditions of the American prisons and the apathy of the protectors of law towards the upholding of the principles of human rights altogether have resulted in a criminal justice system that is based on wrong assumptions and wrong principles. It is high time that the nations administration addresses and mitigates the issue, or else, the future of the countrys criminal justice system would be a bleak one.